{"id":6431,"date":"2018-10-05T06:41:26","date_gmt":"2018-10-05T05:41:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=6431"},"modified":"2024-05-11T22:33:36","modified_gmt":"2024-05-11T21:33:36","slug":"play-cultures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/","title":{"rendered":"Variations in play between cultures warn West against \u2018one-size-fits-all\u2019 recipes for child development"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Diverse beliefs, practices and purposes of children\u2019s play in different cultures call for skepticism that Euro-American approaches to child development are best everywhere.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Our knowledge about play should sound a loud warning to policy makers, educators and parents: don\u2019t presume that there are single pathways to optimal child development or that one culture\u2019s practice \u2013 particularly the West\u2019s \u2013 is best. There are many effective pathways and practices to achieve child development, some better suited to particular cultures than others.<\/p>\n<p>Three factors underscore this call for cultural humility, policy diversity and academic scepticism. First, play has greatly varied significance for child development across cultures. In some, it\u2019s considered a pivotal building block. In others, it\u2019s viewed merely as an incidental activity.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cBe careful what you preach. Avoid universal theories for child development. Recognise the cultural limitations of existing evidence.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Second, the childhood practice of play differs greatly. In some places, it\u2019s a highly practical imitation of adult work. Elsewhere, it can be a distant abstraction of everyday life, often taking place in fictional worlds.<\/p>\n<p>Third, given play\u2019s varied forms, many contexts and diverse attendant belief systems, we are far from sure about causal links between certain types of play and child development. We\u2019re even further from proving the primacy of any particular approach. So be careful what you preach. Avoid one-size-fits-all prescriptions and universal theories for child development, parenting and education. Be sure to recognise the cultural limitations of existing evidence.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/#Narrow_cultural_focus_of_play_research\" >Narrow cultural focus of play research<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/#Non-Western_cultures_have_different_attitudes\" >Non-Western cultures have different attitudes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/#Roughhousing_with_dad_is_important_for_child_development\" >Roughhousing with dad is important for child development<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/#Fathers_behave_differently_in_some_cultures\" >Fathers behave differently in some cultures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/#Too_much_faith_in_universal_theories_of_child_development\" >Too much faith in universal theories of child development<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/#Cultural_beliefs_about_play_may_influence_impact\" >Cultural beliefs about play may influence impact<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/play-cultures\/#Diversity_in_other_fields_of_child_development\" >Diversity in other fields of child development<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Narrow_cultural_focus_of_play_research\"><\/span>Narrow cultural focus of play research<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Contemporary thinking about play is largely based on research in European and European-American middle-class families. This research emphasises play\u2019s role during the early years in developing cognitive, social and emotional skills, and in preparing children for school and for operating in technology-based societies. Given childhood play\u2019s perceived role in laying the foundations for lifelong economic success, it\u2019s highly valued in these societies.<\/p>\n<p>Elsewhere, however, play has different forms, functions, prevalence and significance. Who plays with children also varies considerably \u2013 be it mothers, fathers, siblings or others \u2013 and so does the importance that play may have in building relationships, particularly in securing child-parent attachment.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-Western_cultures_have_different_attitudes\"><\/span>Non-Western cultures have different attitudes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In our global review of evidence, we found that mothers in a Mayan community in Guatemala see play as perfunctory to childhood development. They are amused at the suggestion of playing with young children. Such attitudes, which are also found in other cultures, contrast sharply with the highly involved practices of \u2018helicopter parents\u2019 and \u2018tiger moms\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Mothers in Papua New Guinea say that children learn through work, not play. In many agrarian or foraging societies, children learn subsistence skills and domestic tasks though early participation in these activities via a combination of work and play. For example, a study of Baka foragers in the Republic of Cameroon recorded 85 different types of play by young children, including hunting (making a trap), gathering (insect collecting) fishing (with baskets), playing house (play cooking with inedible materials) and creating clothes (making eyeglasses out of vines).<\/p>\n<p>These traditional approaches to learning-by-doing or imitating adults are important. They offer significant contributions to contemporary thinking about how children learn best. They speak, for example, to the debate that pits didactic, instructional children\u2019s education against approaches that focus on active self-education.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6432\" style=\"width: 490px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6432\" class=\"wp-image-6432 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Roopnarine-image2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Roopnarine-image2.png 480w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Roopnarine-image2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Roopnarine-image2-356x267.png 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Roopnarine-image2-50x38.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-6432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Photo: provided by the author.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Roughhousing_with_dad_is_important_for_child_development\"><\/span>Roughhousing with dad is important for child development<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Cultural variations in play practices \u2013 and their impact &#8211; are prominent around children\u2019s interactions with their fathers. Research into European and European-American families ascribes an important role to the kind of roughhouse play that is prevalent between Western fathers and their young children. This type of play is considered to be a pathway both to child-father attachment and to helping children regulate their emotions and social relationships.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fathers_behave_differently_in_some_cultures\"><\/span>Fathers behave differently in some cultures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>However, in many societies, fathers don\u2019t do roughhouse play. Yet their children have close, well-attached relationships with them and also learn to control their feelings and manage social relationships. A good example is the Aka hunter-gatherer community in the Central African Republic. In this collectivist, egalitarian culture, fathers don\u2019t roughhouse with their young children. Nevertheless, Aka fathers are reckoned to have the closest child-father relationships in the world \u2013 they are very <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/what-is-gentle-parenting-and-is-it-good-for-children\/\">gentle caregivers<\/a>, holding their babies 22 per cent of the time, according to Barry Hewlett\u2019s research. No need to teach Aka dads to roughhouse \u2013 they clearly have different pathways to successful child development.<\/p>\n<p>Cross-cultural research also leads us to question the universality of another often-held view about child development \u2013 that parent-child play helps progress with cognitive development. We conducted a study, involving 50,000 children in 18 African countries, where we looked for links between parental engagement in play and children\u2019s literacy skills. We also looked for connections between parents reading to their preschool children and later literacy skills. We found that <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/shared-book-reading\/\">parental reading did indeed predict literacy skills<\/a>. But parental play was rarely linked to literacy skills in these contexts. Oral storytelling by parents was more predictive of literacy skills.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Too_much_faith_in_universal_theories_of_child_development\"><\/span>Too much faith in universal theories of child development<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>When we presented this evidence to an audience of British academics, they didn\u2019t believe us, reflecting a deep faith in the universality of child development pathways discovered in Western countries. Western academics have particular confidence in play as a route to cognitive development, a link not always found in other parts of the world. Yet, even in Western societies, questions have arisen about whether the links we have been observing between play and cognitive development and social skills represent correlational or causal relationships.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cDifferent cultural practices of child rearing should be considered in developing advice to parents as well as in making policy.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>I believe in play. Children obviously benefit from it. But we still don\u2019t know the mechanism through which they do so. Is play itself the vital component, or is the display of parental sensitivity the active ingredient? Play does encourage children to acquire social skills. It helps them adjust their thinking and their social relationships. They probably also learn empathy through play. But there are clearly many more pathways for these forms of child development. So we should be skeptical about imposing what works in the West on others.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cultural_beliefs_about_play_may_influence_impact\"><\/span>Cultural beliefs about play may influence impact<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Why is it that play seems to have big impacts in some places and, apparently, not in others? We can\u2019t be sure. It may be that where parents believe play is frivolous, mom and dad don\u2019t play much or in a really engaged way. So their children do not gain many benefits. Beliefs about play may be crucial in determining the impacts it has on childhood outcomes.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diversity_in_other_fields_of_child_development\"><\/span>Diversity in other fields of child development<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Play isn\u2019t the only area where we see widespread variations in child development practice. Breastfeeding is generally accepted as a good thing. It is considered important everywhere. But weaning varies hugely. In the United States, six months of exclusive breastfeeding is recommended. But some children are breastfed until three years old and weaned gradually. In some cultures, as another baby is born, the previous child is weaned abruptly. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), the newborn is passed around to be suckled by a number of women. We don\u2019t know which practice, if any, is best for child development.<\/p>\n<p>The takeaway message to policy makers is that they should consider diverse cultural practices of child rearing when developing advice to parents as well as in making policy. This is particularly important in countries with culturally diverse populations.<\/p>\n<p>Parents in different cultures have different goals. For example, in technological societies, we socialize children to think in complex ways about technology. That might not be best in countries that lack the same technological resources.<\/p>\n<p>We should also be willing to learn from other cultures. Capitalism, which drives so many Western attitudes to child development, is only a few hundred years old. It\u2019s worth looking at other societies, less influenced by these values. We are beginning to recognize that they could teach us a lot about how to rear children.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diverse practices in children\u2019s play in cultures call for skepticism that Euro-American child development approaches are best everywhere.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":7223,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5780,438],"tags":[28,449,448,35,267,400,396,454,455],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6431"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6431"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21097,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6431\/revisions\/21097"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}