{"id":3599,"date":"2017-07-28T16:36:17","date_gmt":"2017-07-28T15:36:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=3599"},"modified":"2025-08-28T18:59:03","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T17:59:03","slug":"low-income-parenting-math-reading","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/low-income-parenting-math-reading\/","title":{"rendered":"Dramatic shift in low-income parenting helps narrow gaps in math and reading"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Developmental parenting is blossoming in low-income families whose young children are catching up to wealthier peers.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Here\u2019s a trick question: what\u2019s the biggest influence on a child\u2019s readiness for school? Preschool education, replies a confident chorus of policy wonks. But maybe you got the answer right: it\u2019s parenting. Research evidence has long established that <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/importance-of-reading-to-young-children\">reading with young children<\/a>, taking them to the library and having books at home are more important predictors of school readiness than preschool education.<\/p>\n<p>Policy makers and practitioners sometimes forget this. Perhaps they despair of changing parenting in a fundamental way. Some imagine that stressed, often poorly educated parents are stuck in a rut, making the same old mistakes as their own mom and dad.<\/p>\n<p>Well, the evidence suggests that these parents have been underestimated. While child development policy in the United States has largely focused on extending access to preschool, low-income parents have been busy transforming their practice. That\u2019s making a real difference to their children\u2019s learning skills and prospects. Intriguingly, they\u2019ve made these strides at a time when <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/income-gap-families-completing-education\/\">income inequality<\/a> has grown worse.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/low-income-parenting-math-reading\/#Changes_in_parenting_styles\" >Changes in parenting styles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/low-income-parenting-math-reading\/#Narrowed_gap_in_school_readiness\" >Narrowed gap in school readiness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/low-income-parenting-math-reading\/#Cultural_messages_reach_low-income_parents\" >Cultural messages reach low-income parents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/low-income-parenting-math-reading\/#Next_steps\" >Next steps<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Changes_in_parenting_styles\"><\/span>Changes in parenting styles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Our research shows that parents with lower incomes now act much more like middle- and high-income families in supporting their children\u2019s learning. Large gaps remain \u2013 that\u2019s still a major problem for equalizing opportunities during childhood. But lower-income parents\u2019 practices are converging with those of their higher-income peers, and that\u2019s paying off by narrowing gaps in school readiness.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cParents with low incomes now act much more like middle- and high-income families in supporting their children\u2019s learning. And this is paying off in narrowing gaps in school readiness.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>We compared parenting for young children in 1998 and 2010, using very reliable data collected by the US Department of Education\u2019s National Center for Education Statistics. In each of these years, the Center assessed children in about 1,000 public and private kindergartens across the US, measuring students\u2019 reading and math skills. The assessors also asked parents about children\u2019s experiences before entering school.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Narrowed_gap_in_school_readiness\"><\/span>Narrowed gap in school readiness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We were surprised by the picture that emerged. During those years, the school readiness gap narrowed by 10 percent in math and 16 percent in reading for children from low-income families, compared with their high-income contemporaries. School readiness differences between racial groups also narrowed, by about 15 per cent for both the white-black and white-Hispanic gaps.<\/p>\n<p>Why did school readiness gaps grow narrower? Improved access to preschool among low-income children was, at best, only part of the answer. Although more poor children attend preschool today than in the 1990s, enrollment rates actually fell after the 2008 Great Recession, probably because of rising parental unemployment. Our research shows a fairly close alignment between preschool enrollment rates and greater school readiness, going back to the 1980s, so our finding of increased school readiness in 2010 contrasted with this dip in enrollment and with research showing that poorer children continue to experience preschools of inferior quality.<\/p>\n<p>But we found some unexpected and important changes in parenting behaviors. For example, back in 1998, in almost all (92 percent) of high-income families, parents read a book to their child three or more times a week. The figures were 82 percent for middle-income families and just 66 percent for the lowest-income families. However, by 2010, the figure had risen to 75 percent for the lowest-income families and to 87 percent for middle-income families. The rate was unchanged among the wealthiest.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3606\" style=\"width: 1019px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3606\" class=\"wp-image-3606 \" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/15488577119_98be161fa4_k.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1009\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/15488577119_98be161fa4_k.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/15488577119_98be161fa4_k-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/15488577119_98be161fa4_k-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/15488577119_98be161fa4_k-356x236.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/15488577119_98be161fa4_k-50x33.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1009px) 100vw, 1009px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3606\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/inthe-arena\/15488577119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Seaman<\/a>. Creative Commons.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>We found a similar pattern of change for library visits. The share of children from low-income families who had gone to the library in the past month had risen from 41 to 54 percent; for middle-income children, the figure had increased from 54 to 59 per cent. But there had been no increase for higher-income children from the 63 percent recorded in 1998. If such rates of change continue, we could see the gaps for children from low-income families narrow substantially. We found a similar convergence among income brackets in the availability at home of books, computers, internet access and computer games focused on reading and math skills.<\/p>\n<p>Taken together, our findings suggest lower-income families\u2019 parenting styles are catching up in a way that\u2019s real and meaningful. Children are getting more of what the political scientist Robert Putnam calls \u201c\u2018Goodnight Moon\u2019 time\u201d. Interestingly, this change has occurred during a period of rising economic inequality: among families with school-age children, income inequality between the rich and poor grew by roughly 10 percent from 1998 to 2010. Segregation based on income also grew by 20 percent among households with children.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cultural_messages_reach_low-income_parents\"><\/span>Cultural messages reach low-income parents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We can speculate as to what is happening. Cultural and media messages about, for example, reading, singing and speaking with children \u2013 which reached wealthier parents first \u2013 have likely diffused to a broader range of families. So those families are now likewise changing the ways they parent. This success may reflect public information campaigns like \u201cReach Out and Read\u201d and the Clinton Foundation\u2019s \u201cToo Small to Fail\u201d initiative.<\/p>\n<p>A similar pattern has been observed in public health campaigns: connections between diet, smoking, exercise, and heart disease were first acted on by the well-off, leading at first to widening of gaps in health outcomes. Over time, however, the message spread, and lower-income families started to reap health gains as well.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cWhile child development policy in the United States has largely focused on extending access to preschool, low-income parents have been busy transforming their practice.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>We shouldn\u2019t be surprised that parenting is malleable. For example, the practice of fatherhood was long believed to be fairly fixed. Yet it has been transformed in the last half century, to the great benefit of children who have grown up with fathers. Just as fathers\u2019 flexibility was underestimated, low-income families\u2019 capacity to adapt their parenting styles may be underrated.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s not yet clear whether the US shift in parenting style among low-income families will also be found elsewhere. Research has shown that the initial ratcheting up of intensive parenting on the part of high-income families was most acute in the US and UK \u2013 leaving particularly wide gaps and more room for lower-income families to catch up.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Next_steps\"><\/span>Next steps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Researchers, practitioners and policy makers now face a challenge: to understand why low-income parenting behavior has changed so dramatically. Perhaps the transformation can be speeded up. Just as we constantly review the efficacy and quality of preschool education, we should keep researching effective ways to support changes in parenting that can so influence children\u2019s learning.<\/p>\n<div class=\"retrofit-references\">\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 1.8em;\"><em>\u00a0Bassok D, Finch JE, Lee R, Reardon SF &amp; Waldfogel J (2016), <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/2332858416653924\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Socioeconomic Gaps in Early Childhood Experiences: 1998 to 2010<\/a>, AERA Open, 2.3<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 1.8em;\"><em>\u00a0Magnuson K &amp; Waldfogel J (2016), <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2332858416648933\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trends in Income-Related Gaps in Enrollment in Early Childhood Education: 1968 to 2013<\/a>, AERA Open, 2.2<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Developmental parenting is blossoming in low-income families whose young children are catching up to wealthier peers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":3605,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5779,435],"tags":[449,32,25,451,267,39,396],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3599"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3599"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3599\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22342,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3599\/revisions\/22342"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3605"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3599"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3599"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3599"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}