{"id":3062,"date":"2017-01-16T10:00:07","date_gmt":"2017-01-16T10:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=3062"},"modified":"2024-05-11T22:33:49","modified_gmt":"2024-05-11T21:33:49","slug":"flexible-work-father","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/flexible-work-father\/","title":{"rendered":"Flexible, secure, autonomous work makes for a better father"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Good work conditions help dads to be warmer, more consistent and less irritable \u2013 all vital elements of sound parenting.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Men are better fathers when they have good conditions at work, our research shows, suggesting a need to rethink the terms of the jobs that fathers perform.<\/p>\n<p>Autonomy, job security and some flexibility in working hours and scheduling all improve men\u2019s mental health. Fathers whose workplaces provide these key qualities are warmer, more consistent and less irritable with their children, we found in our study of 10,000 Australian families.<\/p>\n<p>Our findings suggest that policy makers and employers could improve workplaces to support family life, even if total working hours can\u2019t be reduced.<\/p>\n<p>We studied families in Australia, where fathers\u2019 working hours have remained stubbornly long\u2014they currently average 47 hours a week, and 20 per cent of fathers working more than 55 hours. Many new fathers actually increase their hours to compensate for new mothers\u2019 loss of earnings. Most fathers want to spend more time with their children and be more engaged with them. There is also a societal expectation that they should do so. However, workplaces typically do little to accommodate this aspiration; policy focusses mainly on family-friendly supports for mothers.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/flexible-work-father\/#A_job-frazzled_dad_isnt_good_for_kids\" >A job-frazzled dad isn\u2019t good for kids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/flexible-work-father\/#Work_can_also_enrich_parenting\" >Work can also enrich parenting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/flexible-work-father\/#Warmth_consistency_and_calmness_can_be_lost\" >Warmth, consistency and calmness can be lost<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/flexible-work-father\/#Options_for_policy_makers\" >Options for policy makers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_job-frazzled_dad_isnt_good_for_kids\"><\/span>A job-frazzled dad isn\u2019t good for kids<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The strains of balancing the needs of work and family drive the ways that fathers interact with their children, we find, sometimes in harmful ways. When work and family responsibilities came into conflict and fathers became \u201cfrazzled\u201d, they became less affectionate, less consistent and more irritable with their offspring. These traits can harm children.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cThese findings show how policy makers and employers could improve workplaces to support family life, even if total hours of work aren\u2019t reduced.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>There are emotional, practical and cognitive elements to how commitments to work and family can undermine fathering. Perhaps dad is meant to be at work until 6, but school finishes at 3. After a long day, he might not be in good shape for caring: the behaviours needed for the workplace \u2013 such as assertiveness and giving good directives \u2013 might not be appropriate for children who need more dialogue. Stress from work might leave him distracted and emotionally removed \u2013 he\u2019s cooking dinner or helping with homework but still feeling distracted by a work conversation or a task that wasn\u2019t completed.<\/p>\n<p>The strains of parenting for adults vary over time. With infants, parents face issues of disrupted routines and fatigue. When children reach primary school age, parents face the demands of being engaged with school. With teenagers, parents may no longer need to pick them up from school, but parenting an emerging adult can be fraught. Our research suggests that the age for the most acute work-family conflicts is typically the primary school period, probably because school hours are inflexible, as working hours also often are, and children are not yet independent.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Work_can_also_enrich_parenting\"><\/span>Work can also enrich parenting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>However, work can also offer resources beyond just income that are useful to the practice of fatherhood \u2013 and, of course, motherhood. We call this \u201cwork-family enrichment\u201d, the opposite of \u201cwork-family conflict\u201d. We have found that work can enrich family life by giving parents a sense of competence, skill development, achievement, optimism and self-esteem \u2013 something that family life doesn\u2019t always offer. This sense of work-generated well-being can improve mental health and spill over into better parenting.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3068\" style=\"width: 1210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3068\" class=\"wp-image-3068 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/15552115977_1a348030aa_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"798\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/15552115977_1a348030aa_o.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/15552115977_1a348030aa_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/15552115977_1a348030aa_o-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/15552115977_1a348030aa_o-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/15552115977_1a348030aa_o-356x237.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/15552115977_1a348030aa_o-50x33.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3068\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/areyouin86\/15552115977\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bailey Cheng<\/a>. Creative Commons.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Warmth_consistency_and_calmness_can_be_lost\"><\/span>Warmth, consistency and calmness can be lost<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>We looked at a sample of dads whose children were 4 to 5 years old. Our survey asked them questions about conflicts between work and family responsibilities and about their styles of parenting.<\/p>\n<p>We tested for three key parenting styles. Parenting warmth and affection is about verbal and physical warmth, cuddling up, or sitting on the couch together with your child. Parenting consistency is the ability of parents to set boundaries and to follow through; it\u2019s a powerful determinant of children\u2019s well-being and their ability to mix in socially acceptable ways. Parenting irritability concerns whether a father loses his temper, is impatient, or has knee-jerk, angry reactions; too many of those moments can harm children\u2019s mental health.<\/p>\n<p>We then looked for links between the answers about parenting styles and those about work-family conflict and found that children pay the price for too much paternal strain, as we outlined above.<\/p>\n<p>We also examined correlations between difficulties balancing work and family responsibilities and risks to fathers\u2019 own mental health. To do so, we looked at fathers with children from 4 to 13 years old. For each age group, we found that when fathers reported higher levels of stress in balancing their work and family responsibilities, their mental health deteriorated. If the fathers were unable to resolve the conflict and the problem became chronic, their mental health worsened further. However, we also found that if fathers could resolve these conflicts, their mental health improved.<\/p>\n<p>Much research has shown that having a parent with a chronic mental health problem, such as anxiety or depression, can undermine healthy child development.<\/p>\n<p>We now plan to test whether our finding that work-stressed fathers of children aged 4-5 become less consistent, less affectionate and more irritable is repeated for fathers of older children.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Options_for_policy_makers\"><\/span>Options for policy makers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Our message to policy makers is that we need to broaden the focus of workplace policies, which have tended to focus on providing parental leave around childbirth. Our research suggests that there may be other critical times when workplace interventions could provide vital support in parenting children until they are 18.<\/p>\n<p>We know that long working hours drive the strain that fathers experience, but our research shows that this strain can be reduced if job quality is improved. Combining work and care requires attention to improving job flexibility, security and autonomy. That means giving working fathers some control over how and when they work, plus access to paid family-related leave so that work is more readily able to accommodate family needs.<\/p>\n<p>These conditions are more likely to be present for skilled, managerial workers. We may need to give special attention to supporting unskilled and casual workers, where the strains may be greatest.<\/p>\n<div class=\"retrofit-references\">\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 1.8em;\"><em>\u00a0Cooklin AR, Dinh H, Strazdins L, Westrupp E, Leach LS &amp; Nicholson JM (2016),\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0277953616300910\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Change and stability in work-family conflict and mothers&#8217; and fathers&#8217; mental health: Longitudinal evidence from an Australian cohort<\/a> Social Science &amp; Medicine, 155<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 1.8em;\"><em>\u00a0Cooklin AR, Giallo R, Strazdins L, Martin, A, Leach LS &amp; Nicholson JM (2015), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0277953615301301\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">What matters for working fathers? Job characteristics, work-family conflict and enrichment, and fathers&#8217; postpartum mental health in an Australian cohort<\/a> Social Science &amp; Medicine, 146<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 1.8em;\"><em>\u00a0Cooklin AR, Westrupp EM, Strazdins L, Giallo R, Martin A &amp; Nicholson JM (2014),\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/jfi.sagepub.com\/content\/37\/11\/1611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fathers at Work: Work-Family Conflict, Work-Family Enrichment and Parenting in an Australian Cohort<\/a> Journal of Family Issues, 37<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Good work conditions help dads to be warmer, more consistent and less irritable &#8211; all vital elements of sound parenting.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":3067,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5773],"tags":[35,1283,5749,267,41],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3062"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3062"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3062\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21131,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3062\/revisions\/21131"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3067"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3062"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3062"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}