{"id":21699,"date":"2025-02-03T04:31:07","date_gmt":"2025-02-03T04:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=21699"},"modified":"2025-04-10T19:05:01","modified_gmt":"2025-04-10T18:05:01","slug":"aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/","title":{"rendered":"Certain aspects of parenting predict adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#Key_takeaways_for_caregivers\" >Key takeaways for caregivers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#Aggressive_behavior_in_adolescence_can_have_broad_and_significant_negative_impacts\" >Aggressive behavior in adolescence can have broad and significant negative impacts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#Parenting_behaviors_can_influence_adolescents_aggressive_behaviors\" >Parenting behaviors can influence adolescents\u2019 aggressive behaviors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#The_influences_of_mothering_versus_the_influences_of_fathering\" >The influences of mothering versus the influences of fathering<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#Comparing_aspects_of_parent_affective_quality_Warmth_versus_hostility\" >Comparing aspects of parent affective quality: Warmth versus hostility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#Studying_the_relative_impacts_of_mothers_and_fathers_warmth_and_hostility_during_adolescence\" >Studying the relative impacts of mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 warmth and hostility during adolescence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#Our_results_How_parental_affective_quality_predicts_adolescents_aggression\" >Our results: How parental affective quality predicts adolescents\u2019 aggression<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/#Implications_for_families\" >Implications for families<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_takeaways_for_caregivers\"><\/span><strong>Key takeaways for caregivers<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior, such as physical fighting, can predict the likelihood of teenagers\u2019 future violence and has other negative implications for families and society more broadly.<\/li>\n<li>In parents, high levels of warmth and low levels of hostility toward their adolescent children are associated with less aggression in adolescents.<\/li>\n<li>Closer analysis reveals more specific patterns regarding the relative significance of warmth versus hostility and maternal versus paternal relations with <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/adolescents-lower-income-brain-tests\/\">adolescents<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>In our work, the most powerful predictor of adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior was the <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aggression-biological-children\/\">hostility shown by the parent<\/a> whose gender matched the adolescent\u2019s (i.e., maternal hostility toward girls and paternal hostility toward boys).<\/li>\n<li>An exception to that pattern emerged when we examined boys\u2019 aggression across the adolescent years: While paternal hostility more strongly <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aggression-boys\/\">predicted boys\u2019 aggression<\/a> during early adolescence, maternal hostility was a stronger predictor during middle adolescence.<\/li>\n<li>Interventions aimed at reducing aggressive behaviors in adolescents may be most effective when they are tailored to address the most significant predictors for a given age and gender group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_21701\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21701\" class=\"wp-image-21701 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-356x237.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-mart-production-7699487-50x33.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21701\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/wounds-on-the-persons-knuckles-7699487\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MART PRODUCTION<\/a> on Pexels.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aggressive_behavior_in_adolescence_can_have_broad_and_significant_negative_impacts\"><\/span><strong>Aggressive behavior in adolescence can have broad and significant negative impacts<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior, such as physical fighting, is a serious health problem that has been researched for decades. This type of behavior can lead to adverse consequences for adolescents themselves, their families, and even society.<\/p>\n<p>For example, adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior is associated with <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3456677\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">adolescent violent crimes<\/a> such as robbery, rape, and homicide. It is also associated with <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2771930\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poor self-control<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-006-9086-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">intimate partner violence<\/a> during adulthood.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the physical and psychological adverse consequences of this type of behavior for individuals, adolescents\u2019 aggression is costly for society. In 2020, the estimated cost of youth violence in the United States was $122 billion. Thus, understanding the factors that can prevent aggressive behavior during adolescence is critical.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Higher levels of parents\u2019 affective quality (i.e., higher warmth and lower hostility) are associated with lower levels of adolescents\u2019 aggressive behaviors.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Parenting_behaviors_can_influence_adolescents_aggressive_behaviors\"><\/span><strong>Parenting behaviors can influence adolescents\u2019 aggressive behaviors<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Families have an impact on adolescent development, with studies finding that parenting behaviors influence adolescents\u2019 aggressive behaviors in Western countries. <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/10468-000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Several theoretical models<\/a> address the underlying reasons why parenting has such a strong impact.<\/p>\n<p>Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that <em>parents\u2019 affective quality <\/em>(e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513X13484120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parental warmth<\/a>, such as when parents communicate to their children that they care about them, and <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/aspects-of-parenting-predict-aggressive-behavior\/\">parental hostility<\/a>, such as when parents shout at their children because they are angry) is related to adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior. Higher levels of parents\u2019 affective quality (i.e., higher warmth and lower hostility) are associated with lower levels of adolescents\u2019 aggressive behaviors.<\/p>\n<p>During adolescence, parents\u2019 affective quality and adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior change dramatically over time. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/development-and-psychopathology\/article\/abs\/mapping-developmental-changes-in-perceived-parentadolescent-relationship-quality-throughout-middle-school-and-high-school\/5E8E3AA15FB305E9F7C5E297F1E109EB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parental warmth decreases and parental hostility increases<\/a> during adolescence, and youth-reported adolescent aggressive behavior <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-021-01431-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increases<\/a> over time. Thus, it is important to understand the relation between parents\u2019 affective quality and youth\u2019s aggression over the course of adolescence.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_influences_of_mothering_versus_the_influences_of_fathering\"><\/span><strong>The influences of mothering versus the influences of fathering<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The focus of parenting research in Western countries has shifted in recent decades, with more studies investigating the unique contributions of mothers and fathers to adolescent development. Historically and in most cultures, mothers have been the <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/primary-caregiver-fathers-and-mothers-are-equally-competent\/\">primary caregivers<\/a> and have been more involved in their children\u2019s development, so maternal parenting may have a stronger influence on children\u2019s development.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, as fathers become more involved in their children\u2019s development, the effect of <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/fatherhood\/\">paternal parenting<\/a> on children\u2019s development has risen. But it remains unclear whose parenting \u2013 mothers\u2019 or fathers\u2019 \u2013 is more important in affecting children\u2019s problem behaviors.<\/p>\n<p>Investigating this question can inform how intervention programs are tailored, making them more efficient and effective. It can also help families understand and focus on the more important dimensions of parenting.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparing_aspects_of_parent_affective_quality_Warmth_versus_hostility\"><\/span><strong>Comparing aspects of parent affective quality: Warmth versus hostility<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Similarly, research on the relative importance of parental warmth versus parental hostility in predicting adolescents\u2019 aggression can also help make intervention programs more effective and guide families in focusing on the more important dimensions of parenting to reduce adolescents\u2019 aggression.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/1089-2680.5.4.323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theoretically<\/a> and across psychological phenomena, behaviors that might be considered \u201cbad\u201d are believed to have a stronger impact on children\u2019s development than behaviors that are considered \u201cgood\u201d \u2013 perhaps for evolutionary reasons. In light of this general pattern, parents\u2019 negative affective quality (e.g., parental hostility) may be more important in predicting adolescents\u2019 aggression than parents\u2019 positive affective quality (e.g., parental warmth).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Studying_the_relative_impacts_of_mothers_and_fathers_warmth_and_hostility_during_adolescence\"><\/span><strong>Studying the relative impacts of mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 warmth and hostility during adolescence<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fdev0001442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In our research<\/a>, we focus on and compare maternal warmth, maternal hostility, paternal warmth, and paternal hostility to investigate the relative importance of these aspects of parents\u2019 affective quality in predicting adolescents\u2019 aggression in early to middle adolescence.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Behaviors that might be considered \u201cbad\u201d are believed to have a stronger impact on children\u2019s development than behaviors that are considered \u201cgood.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>To capture changes over time, we analyzed five waves of data from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blueprintsprograms.org\/programs\/408999999\/prosper\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a related research project<\/a> that began in 2001. We used data from Wave 1, which was when the adolescents were in the fall semester of sixth grade (approximately 11 years old), and data from Waves 2 to 5, which were in the spring semester of sixth through ninth grades, respectively (when adolescents were approximately 12-15 years old). About half of the participants were girls, 89% were White, and 72% of adolescents\u2019 parents had at least some college education. All families in this study were two-parent families living in the United States.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><em>Measuring warmth, hostility, and aggression<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>At each wave of the study, adolescents answered questions about the frequency of maternal and paternal warmth toward them during the last month. For example, on a scale of 1 (always) to 7 (never), they responded to the question of \u201chow often did your mother\/father let you know that they appreciate you, your ideas, or the things you do?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The adolescents also answered questions about the frequency of maternal and paternal hostility toward them. For example, they responded to the question of \u201chow often did your mother\/father shout or yell at you because they were mad at you?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, adolescents completed the widely used <a href=\"https:\/\/store.aseba.org\/YOUTH-SELF-REPORT_11-18-50-per-Package\/productinfo\/501\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Self Report<\/a>, which includes a 17-item aggressive behavior subscale. With this tool, youth reported on how frequently they physically attacked people or otherwise showed aggression.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><em>Exploring which aspects of parent affective quality are linked most strongly to adolescents\u2019 aggression<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>As is well known, in one family, mothers and fathers can influence and be influenced by each other. In our study, we explored mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 affective quality using an <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/1082-989X.8.2.129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analytical approach<\/a> that allowed us to account for the unique impact of each parent\u2019s affective quality above and beyond the impact of their partner\u2019s, as well as the shared impact of both parents\u2019 affective quality together.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Our_results_How_parental_affective_quality_predicts_adolescents_aggression\"><\/span><strong>Our results: How parental affective quality predicts adolescents\u2019 aggression<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Most of the time, mothers\u2019 affective quality predicted adolescents\u2019 aggression more strongly than fathers\u2019, and <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/\">parental hostility<\/a> was a stronger predictor of adolescents\u2019 aggression than parental warmth.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><em>Different patterns for adolescent girls and boys<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>But beneath these general patterns, we found gender differences in the relative importance of parents\u2019 affective quality in predicting aggressive behaviors in girls versus boys. For girls, maternal hostility was more important for predicting aggression throughout the adolescent years than was paternal hostility or maternal warmth.<\/p>\n<p>During adolescence, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-010-9401-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mother-daughter relationship quality<\/a> is often said to be better in many families than father-daughter relationship quality. As a result of the closeness of mother-daughter relationships, maternal hostility toward daughters may be more influential, with girls possibly responding more negatively to maternal hostility.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_21702\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21702\" class=\"wp-image-21702 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-356x237.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-karolina-grabowska-6957167-50x33.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21702\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/woman-scolding-teen-daughter-for-bad-behavior-6957167\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaboompics.com<\/a> on Pexels.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>For boys, the relative importance of these aspects of parenting changed over the adolescent years. During early adolescence (ages 12 to 13), paternal affective quality emerged as more important than maternal affective quality. This pattern became more nuanced during middle adolescence (ages 13 to 15).<\/p>\n<p>For boys in this age group, paternal warmth remained more important than maternal warmth. However, maternal hostility became more important than paternal hostility in predicting boys\u2019 aggression during middle adolescence. Some aspect of maternal hostility appeared to be especially powerful for boys during that developmental period.<\/p>\n<p>Parents, especially fathers, may be more involved with their same- than opposite-sex children, as reflected in research in the United States, for example. In those families, fathers\u2019 parenting may be relatively more important for boys than mothers\u2019 parenting. However, maternal hostility may become more important to adolescent boys over time if this hostility differs from expected maternal caretaking-type behaviors.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Implications_for_families\"><\/span><strong>Implications for families<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The relative importance of mothering versus fathering and positive parenting versus negative parenting differs for girls and boys. Mothers\u2019 hostility is more important than fathers\u2019 hostility or mothers\u2019 warmth in predicting adolescent girls\u2019 aggressive behavior. To reduce adolescent girls\u2019 aggressive behavior, we recommend that mothers decrease their hostility toward their daughters.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_21705\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21705\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21705\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-356x237.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/pexels-juanpphotoandvideo-1250452-50x33.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-21705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/father-and-child-s-hands-together-1250452\/\">Juan Pablo Serrano<\/a> on Pexels.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>For adolescent boys, fathering plays a central but more complex role in predicting their aggression. <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/dad-mom-yells-teenagers\/\">Fathers\u2019 hostility is a strong predictor of boys\u2019 aggression<\/a> during early adolescence. To help young adolescent boys reduce their aggressive behavior, we suggest that fathers be involved in their sons\u2019 lives and decrease their hostile behaviors to their sons. For older adolescent boys, it may be helpful for mothers to reduce their hostility to their sons.<\/p>\n<p>All the foresaid recommendations are based on the predictive patterns that we found in the study. We do not yet have the data to support the causal relationships.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key takeaways for caregivers Adolescents\u2019 aggressive behavior, such as physical fighting, can predict the likelihood of teenagers\u2019 future violence and has other negative implications for families and society more broadly. In parents, high levels of warmth and low levels of hostility toward their adolescent children are associated with less aggression in adolescents. Closer analysis reveals [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":321,"featured_media":21700,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5774],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21699"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/321"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21699"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21699\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21983,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21699\/revisions\/21983"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21699"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21699"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21699"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}