{"id":20206,"date":"2023-12-19T09:31:54","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T09:31:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=20206"},"modified":"2024-11-29T11:51:59","modified_gmt":"2024-11-29T11:51:59","slug":"the-power-of-distributed-sleep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/the-power-of-distributed-sleep\/","title":{"rendered":"The power of distributed sleep: The benefit of multiple naps in infancy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><i>This post is part of our <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/sleep-series\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series on Infant Sleep and its Impacts on Development<\/a>, published in collaboration with the journal <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/infant-behavior-and-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Infant Behavior and Development<\/i><\/span><\/a><i>. The featured research appeared in a <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/infant-behavior-and-development\/special-issue\/10S9QTGC1C4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>special issue<\/i><\/span><\/a><i> on how infant sleep affects cognitive, social, and physical development and how parents and practitioners can help promote healthy sleep and development in infancy.<\/i><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/the-power-of-distributed-sleep\/#Key_takeaways_for_caregivers\" >Key takeaways for caregivers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/the-power-of-distributed-sleep\/#The_benefits_of_distributed_sleep_for_memory\" >The benefits of\u00a0 distributed sleep for memory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/the-power-of-distributed-sleep\/#Why_does_distributed_sleep_help_memory\" >Why does distributed sleep help memory?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/the-power-of-distributed-sleep\/#Does_distributed_sleep_help_memory_in_infants\" >Does distributed sleep help memory in infants?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/the-power-of-distributed-sleep\/#Missing_a_morning_nap_can_interfere_with_babies_learning\" >Missing a morning nap can interfere with babies\u2019 learning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/the-power-of-distributed-sleep\/#Further_research_and_healthy_distributed_sleep_guidelines_for_caregivers_and_practitioners\" >Further research and healthy distributed sleep guidelines for caregivers and practitioners<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_takeaways_for_caregivers\"><\/span><strong>Key takeaways for caregivers<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Naps help learning in early childhood.<\/li>\n<li>Infant sleep is typically distributed across multiple bouts of sleep (morning and afternoon naps) until around 12 to 18 months.<\/li>\n<li>Multiple naps benefit infant learning while missed naps can harm learning.<\/li>\n<li>Research suggests the importance of healthy sleep routines for infants and <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/sleep-cognitive-functioning-boys\/\">caregiver education<\/a> to support healthy sleep.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_benefits_of_distributed_sleep_for_memory\"><\/span><strong>The benefits of\u00a0 distributed sleep for memory<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>For adults, naps offer a period of solace, something we typically allow ourselves only on weekends or vacations. We long for these moments to replenish lost sleep due to our busy lives and to reset our minds after being overloaded with to-do lists.<\/p>\n<p>Science supports the benefits of naps. In adults, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs40675-020-00193-9\">naps benefit<\/a> attention, emotion, and <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/cognitive-development-language\/\">cognitive performance<\/a>. Other researchers and I have shown that these benefits extend to naps in early childhood. For instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121020-033411\">the benefits of naps<\/a> for memory have been observed in <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.12587\">infants<\/a> as young as three months and extend through <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1306418110\">three to five years<\/a>, when children typically transition away from naps.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_does_distributed_sleep_help_memory\"><\/span><strong>Why does distributed sleep help memory?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It is tempting to assume that naps help memory just by blocking out other stimuli that interfere with memories. Later in the day, we may forget the name of a person we met in the morning simply because we encountered so many other names and faces during the subsequent time awake.<\/p>\n<p>Distributed sleeping may protect us from such interference. However, the benefits of sleep extend beyond just protecting memories from interference with ongoing learning.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Naps have been consistently shown to support memory consolidation, even in early infancy.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Memories are strengthened during sleep<\/h3>\n<p>While we sleep, memories are strengthened through a process called <em>consolidation<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>When we learn something, the memories are initially stored in the hippocampus in the brain.<\/p>\n<p>The hippocampus is small and not a very \u201csmart\u201d storage area\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0 all memories get put into a single bucket regardless of their content (e.g., memories of family, a book you read, and your work are all in one place).<\/p>\n<h3>Memories are replayed during sleep<\/h3>\n<p>When we sleep, these memories are replayed. Memory replay is akin to rewatching (or replaying) the \u201cmovie\u201d of your day. Just like repeatedly watching a scene from your favorite movie to learn all the words, the hippocampus replays memories while we sleep.<\/p>\n<p>Replaying the memory makes a copy of the memory that is stored in the <em>cortex<\/em>. The cortex is a much smarter organizing system \u2013 more like a filing cabinet where similar memories can be stored together. This makes it <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00032.2012\">easier and quicker to recall memories<\/a> from the cortex later.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Does_distributed_sleep_help_memory_in_infants\"><\/span><strong>Does distributed sleep help memory in infants?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Parents and caregivers may wonder how often their child should nap during the day and whether having more than one nap makes a difference in their child\u2019s development.<\/p>\n<p>Infant sleep is initially distributed across multiple naps (<em>polyphasic sleep<\/em>) but by nine months, most <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.06.001\">infants<\/a> regularly have just two naps a day (<em>triphasic sleep<\/em>).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_20414\" style=\"width: 1810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20414\" class=\"wp-image-20414 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418.jpg\" alt=\"New mother tending to baby in cot.\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1065\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418.jpg 1800w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418-1024x606.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418-768x454.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418-1536x909.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418-356x211.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418-700x414.jpg 700w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/49123845986_0fa32596d8_k-e1697023994418-50x30.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-20414\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nichd\/49123845986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NICHD<\/a>. Creative Commons.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>The transition to one nap a day (<em>biphasic sleep<\/em>) typically occurs between 12 and 18 months. The transition to adult-like <em>monophasic sleep<\/em> (no naps) occurs between three and five years for most <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/18.2.82\">children<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Given the presence of multiple naps within a day in infancy, my colleagues and I were interested in whether different naps aid memory in similar ways.<\/p>\n<p>On the one hand, naps have been consistently shown to support memory consolidation, even in early infancy. In this case, naps at any time of day may have significant memory benefits.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, sleep physiology has not been compared across distributed naps. The morning nap, which infants \u201cgrow out of\u201d first, may not be enriched with the distinct brain waves that support memory. In other words, the morning nap may not have <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parent-child-reminiscing\">significant benefits for memory<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Missing_a_morning_nap_can_interfere_with_babies_learning\"><\/span><strong>Missing a morning nap can interfere with babies\u2019 learning<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In our study, we <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infbeh.2021.101647\">assessed memory<\/a> in nine-month-olds. We used a deferred imitation task, which is commonly used in developmental psychology to assess memory. This task is similar to how <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/how-do-caregivers-decide-what-toys-to-buy-for-infants\/\">parents engage their infants with a new toy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>An experimenter shows the infant an unfamiliar toy and demonstrates a certain set of actions. Then the infant is given another toy, the target toy, and has the opportunity to imitate those actions.<\/p>\n<p>If the infant imitates the actions, this is evidence of their memory for initial demonstration. We also used control procedures to make sure the actions we were looking for were not simply the natural intuition of the infant when engaging with the toy.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Even though they napped in the afternoon, when the infants stayed awake during the morning nap, they forgot more after the afternoon nap than they did when they had had a morning nap.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In our study, 15 infants were presented with four target toys and we measured their immediate recall of the demonstrated actions to find out if they imitated the target actions with the toy. Next, the infants napped during their morning naptime.<\/p>\n<p>After their naps, they were given the toys again to see if they demonstrated memory of the experimenter\u2019s earlier actions by imitating them. To compare the infants\u2019 actions with and without naps, we also carried out the study the week before or the week after the nap study with infants being kept awake during their morning naps.<\/p>\n<h3>Distributed sleep allowed infants&#8217; memory to be protected<\/h3>\n<p>Infants\u2019 memory was protected when they took a morning nap: They tended to remember just as many items after their morning nap as they did before the nap. However, when infants stayed awake during their morning nap, they forgot some of the items.<\/p>\n<h3>The findings on a morning vs afternoon nap<\/h3>\n<p>Next, we considered whether staying awake during the morning nap affected infants\u2019 memory consolidation during the afternoon nap. The infants were presented with a new set of toys and then took their regular afternoon nap.<\/p>\n<p>Even though they napped in the afternoon, when the infants stayed awake during the morning nap, they forgot more after the afternoon nap than they did when they had had a morning nap. That is, taking the afternoon nap did not compensate for a missed morning nap.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_20207\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20207\" class=\"wp-image-20207 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280-356x237.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280-700x466.jpg 700w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/bay-g252f00c44_1280-50x33.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-20207\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/bay-asleep-baby-princess-child-883383\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ferhat66<\/a>. Pixabay.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Further_research_and_healthy_distributed_sleep_guidelines_for_caregivers_and_practitioners\"><\/span><strong>Further research and healthy distributed sleep guidelines for caregivers and practitioners<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Our study points to the importance of naps for learning in infants. Memories are protected by naps at this age when learning is vast \u2013 from the faces of caregivers to the intricacies of language.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, later sleep does not compensate for a missed nap. Instead, the effects of a missed nap can be compounded by damaging the function of later sleep.<\/p>\n<p>In our ongoing work, we are manipulating the presence of the afternoon nap to directly compare memory loss when babies are kept awake during the afternoon and during the morning nap.<\/p>\n<p>We are also studying these infants longitudinally to understand how the function of naps changes when the morning nap becomes less essential. By recording brain activity during distributed sleep, we also aim to better understand the relation between memory and brain development.<\/p>\n<p>Promoting sleep health in infancy and childhood is crucial for <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/cognitive-development-language\/\">cognitive development<\/a>. This is particularly important for <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32229-8_23\">families with low socioeconomic status<\/a> who may lack knowledge about babies\u2019 needs for sleep and resources to provide opportunities for sleep in the middle of the day.<\/p>\n<p>We need to continue our work to understand the function and timing of distributed naps so we can provide guidelines to caregivers and practitioners.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sleep helps memory at all ages and missing a nap may be harmful to infant learning.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":279,"featured_media":20415,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5770,5864],"tags":[46,361,383],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20206"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/279"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20206"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20206\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21664,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20206\/revisions\/21664"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20415"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20206"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}