{"id":18291,"date":"2021-11-18T20:17:36","date_gmt":"2021-11-18T20:17:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=18291"},"modified":"2024-10-26T18:40:03","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T17:40:03","slug":"research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time\/","title":{"rendered":"We should not be fooled by the \u201cneuro-myth\u201d that digital media damage children\u2019s brains"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>When children have been outside playing football, bicycling, or running around with friends, consider offering them extra time on their screens. Maybe you could even suggest another gaming session.<\/p>\n<p>It might sound strange to encourage children to spend more time on their phones, laptops, or computer consoles. But a large body of research has identified nothing intrinsically damaging about these activities, provided they do not displace sleep, exercise, schooling, and healthy eating. In short, screen time does not in itself turn children into gambling addicts or overweight, uneducated zombies. And provided children are kept safe, using social media is also okay.<\/p>\n<p>Bad outcomes are much more likely to be caused by eating poorly, missing out on learning, spending too much time on the sofa, or not resting enough. So a parent\u2019s most productive focus should be to encourage physical activity, sleep, good nourishment, and learning \u2013 and make sure that time online is not getting in the way of those healthy activities.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time\/#Fears_of_digital_media_unjustified\" >Fears of digital media unjustified<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time\/#The_foundation_of_%E2%80%9Cneuro-myths%E2%80%9D\" >The foundation of \u201cneuro-myths\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time\/#Research_does_not_find_brain_damage\" >Research does not find brain damage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time\/#Young_childrens_low_exposure\" >Young children\u2019s low exposure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time\/#Risk_of_gambling_addiction\" >Risk of gambling addiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/research-failed-to-identify-clinical-impact-of-screen-time\/#Encouraging_rather_than_controlling_children\" >Encouraging rather than controlling children<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fears_of_digital_media_unjustified\"><\/span><strong>Fears of digital media unjustified<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Research has failed to justify the understandable fears of many parents who are concerned by the sudden changes over the past two decades in how childhood is lived. It is difficult to identify any clinically relevant impacts of the increased use of screens or social media. Where slight effects are found, they are drowned out by the established effects \u2013 such as genetics, socioeconomic circumstances, time adults spend with children, and parental education \u2013 that we have known, for 50 years, determine child development.<\/p>\n<p>However, research does demonstrate that children are more likely to respect family rules about good ways to live when those rules are developed though sound and shared reasoning, and when they respect children\u2019s perspectives and as well as adults\u2019 preferences. Children can recognize parents\u2019 wishes for them to have enough sleep, keep fit, learn and eat properly, and spend family time together. However, very strict rules, focussing on a prescribed number of minutes for this or that activity, can lead to added secrecy on the part of a child. They can also damage a child\u2019s trust that their parents will be able to help and understand them, should they, for instance, encounter distressing experiences online.<\/p>\n<p>As a trained neuroscientist, I want parents to follow the science. However, unevidenced \u201cneuro-myths\u201d \u2013 often really fears masquerading as science \u2013 are now used to justify concerns about <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/links-between-toddlers-screen-time-and-language-development\/\">screen time and child development<\/a>. This is understandable. In just a few years, the digital world has disrupted traditional childhood by taking a distinctive place \u2013 and considerable time \u2013 in children\u2019s upbringing. We did not have iPads in the home until 10 years ago. Internet bandwidth could not support online gaming 15 years ago. Seemingly overnight, gaming has become a cultural mainstay. Social media are everywhere. People are understandably worried about the impacts.<\/p>\n<p>Inevitably, scientific research has lagged in providing reliable evidence about the effect of this dramatic shift. How do scientists prove the long-term impact of something that has not existed for very long? It takes time and science has been predictably slow to reach a conclusion.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_foundation_of_%E2%80%9Cneuro-myths%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><strong>The foundation of \u201cneuro-myths\u201d<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>As a result, people initially sought answers in other fields that seemed relevant. Alert to the psychological rewards computer gaming offers children, they explored studies on outcomes for children who are unable to defer gratification \u2013 the so-called marshmallow experiment. They also looked to more gloomy studies of children\u2019s television viewing back in the 1980s and 1990s, and to research on rats allowed to administer dopamine-stimulating drugs to themselves. This work appeared to justify fears that <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/how-does-digital-media-shape-young-childrens-word-learning\">exposure to digital media<\/a> undermined children\u2019s capacities to concentrate and led them to live more sedentary lives.<\/p>\n<p>But time has demonstrated that these analogies are false and misleading. It turns out that children\u2019s attitudes about marshmallows and lab rats doing drugs do not offer useful insights into the impacts of screen time. Research has not identified the kinds of screen time used today, in itself, as correlated with diminished general cognitive control, capacities to concentrate, or physical well-being. A recent review found the effects of screen time today to be quite similar to those of television time in the 1950s.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, scientists now better understand that the research into high levels of television viewing was not particularly instructive about the impacts of television viewing, even back in the 1990s. Closer examination showed that this research really told us more about the socioeconomic circumstances of different families: The prevalence of high levels of viewing was skewed toward low-income families. These families tended to have smaller homes, less outside space, a culture of having the television on more often than more privileged groups, and fewer alternative activities. Poverty and lack of opportunity were preventing healthier childhoods; TV usage was largely a symptom, rather than a cause, of the deprivation.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>It is difficult to identify any clinically relevant impacts of the increased use of screens or social media.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Research_does_not_find_brain_damage\"><\/span><strong>Research does not find brain damage<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Studies also show few, and only slight, correlations between children\u2019s use of social media and their general well-being or mental distress symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Research has found nothing of this nature for boys. In girls, there is a slight relationship between time on social media and psychological distress. But it is small \u2013 as a comparative example, wearing glasses seems more damaging to a female teenager\u2019s social well-being than spending a lot of time on social media, according to the same datasets.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_18299\" style=\"width: 1930px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18299\" class=\"wp-image-18299 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash-356x237.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/emily-wade-DfqQKk2qqaY-unsplash-50x33.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-18299\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/DfqQKk2qqaY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emily Wade<\/a>. Unsplash.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Young_childrens_low_exposure\"><\/span><strong>Young children\u2019s low exposure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Our research should also reassure parents who may be concerned that young children are exposed to high levels of screen time. We measured the time children are on digital media in Danish kindergartens, where they typically spend about five to eight hours each weekday between the ages of 3 and 6. In general, children were exposed to digital media about five to 10 minutes on these days in the kindergarten environment, which we generally view as a good thing. Technology is part of the world in which children live and provides teachable moments, even for the young ones.<\/p>\n<p>Let us assume that, on weekdays, some children spend another two hours a day of digital time at home, perhaps in the early evening when they are tired, allowing parents time to finish <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/girls-housework-boys\/\">housework<\/a> and emails. This means that, on most days, these young children\u2019s lives are about 90 percent free of digital inputs. It is understandable that parents might still be worried because much of that time is during the few hours in the evening when children are at home \u2013 probably feeling cranky and tired \u2013 before they go to bed. However, our research, which looked across the children\u2019s days, suggests that parents should worry less about minutes and hours; young Danish children still have ample opportunities to develop in other ways.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Risk_of_gambling_addiction\"><\/span><strong>Risk of gambling addiction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Some parents are concerned that their children will become addicted to gambling through their exposure as children to digital media and gaming. Studies have not found causal connections between such use and a greater risk of gambling addiction in typical populations. However, we studied children whose parents were worried about the general effect of gaming on their offspring, and then compared them with children who parents were not worried. We found that the brains of the two groups of children were indistinguishable. But the children with worried parents experienced more stress and conflict between their wishes to game and their need to sleep, do homework, and have dinner with their parents.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>It makes sense to worry about preserving lifestyles that we know are good for children \u2013 playing, time with friends, being outside \u2013 but unwise to confuse this desire with unjustified and unevidenced arguments about the dangers that digital media pose to children\u2019s brains.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Encouraging_rather_than_controlling_children\"><\/span><strong>Encouraging rather than controlling children<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Other research shows that the more restrictive and reactive parenting styles are around media use, the less children internalize and respect parents\u2019 reasons. A more effective strategy is one in which children feel that their wishes and interests are being understood, and they can share their parents\u2019 reasoning about the need for exercise, sleep, and education rather than be part of a strategy based on a groundless fear of digital media.<\/p>\n<p>In a study at the Interacting Minds Centre in Aarhus, Denmark, my colleague Stine Str\u00f8m Lundsg\u00e5rd and I found that the parents who were the most worried about digital media were those who placed the most value on different kinds of play. The parents who were most concerned that their children enjoy a traditional upbringing \u2013 for example, playing outside with other children \u2013 tended to be the ones most worried about screen time. These parents had a strong sense of what constitutes a good childhood and they feared that screen time was displacing it.<\/p>\n<p>This is a very reasonable concern. It makes sense to worry about preserving lifestyles that we know are good for children \u2013 playing, spending time with friends, being outside. Parents are right to focus of the importance of these aspects of childhood; they should concentrate on the merits of such childhoods and encourage those shared values in their children. But they would be unwise to confuse this desire with unjustified and unevidenced arguments about the dangers that digital media pose to children\u2019s brains.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The myth is unfounded, but time on devices should not squeeze play, sleep, learning, and family meals out of childhood.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":209,"featured_media":18297,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5780],"tags":[46,267,400,5820],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18291"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/209"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18291"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21545,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18291\/revisions\/21545"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18297"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}