{"id":15623,"date":"2020-11-18T07:16:04","date_gmt":"2020-11-18T07:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=15623"},"modified":"2024-05-11T22:33:18","modified_gmt":"2024-05-11T21:33:18","slug":"negative-impact-of-parental-physical-punishment-of-children","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/negative-impact-of-parental-physical-punishment-of-children\/","title":{"rendered":"Ending The Practice Of Spanking Young Children May Require More Individualized, Belief-Based Dialogue With Parents"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Scientific Evidence Is Easily S<\/strong><strong>idelined By Parental Beliefs &amp; Displaced By Critical Anecdotes On The Internet<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Near-scientific consensus that physical punishment has negative effects on children has led to interest in how to educate parents about its potential harms. Efforts to reduce parents\u2019 use of physical punishment, often called spanking, with young children through on-line education are likely to succeed only if they directly address parents\u2019 beliefs.<\/p>\n<p>This is what we learned from an experiment we undertook to examine how parents who approve of <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/physical-punishment-impact-childrens-psychological-development\/\">physical punishment<\/a> remain committed to spanking even after being shown scientific evidence linking the practice to many negative effects for children, including aggression and mental health issues. The study, of parents of 2- to 8-year-olds from 41 U.S. states, was published in the <em>Journal of Family Psychology<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/negative-impact-of-parental-physical-punishment-of-children\/#Discomfort_Makes_Parents_Mistrust_Science\" >Discomfort Makes Parents Mistrust Science<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/negative-impact-of-parental-physical-punishment-of-children\/#Findings_Suggest_More_Workable_Approaches\" >Findings Suggest More Workable Approaches<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/negative-impact-of-parental-physical-punishment-of-children\/#Paediatricians_Can_Be_Influential\" >Paediatricians Can Be Influential<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/negative-impact-of-parental-physical-punishment-of-children\/#Beliefs_Underpin_Parental_Resistance_To_Science\" >Beliefs Underpin Parental Resistance To Science<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discomfort_Makes_Parents_Mistrust_Science\"><\/span>Discomfort Makes Parents Mistrust Science<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In our study, parents were given written scientific evidence about spanking in the form of an on-line news article, which included quotes from an expert on physical punishment. They also received written opinions from lay commentators who advocated for physical punishment. Parents who approved of physical punishment rated experts as less trustworthy than lay commentators, thereby avoiding the psychological challenge and discomfort \u2013 often called <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/mothering-cognitive-development\/\">cognitive<\/a> dissonance &#8212; that occurs when beliefs contradict scientific evidence. They may do this by questioning the trustworthiness of the science and preferring alternative perspectives that fit their views.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cParents do not discount all science related to parenting, just science that conflicts the views they hold.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>However, in our study, parents who approved of physical punishment were not anti-science in principle. Their distrust of science was specific to this topic. For example, parents had no trouble valuing messages from experts on a neutral topic &#8212; the importance of car seats for children &#8212; even when they had discounted the expert on physical punishment. These findings suggest that parents do not discount all science related to <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/corporal-punishment-children-parenting-skills\/\">parenting<\/a>, just science that conflicts the views they hold.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15626\" style=\"width: 710px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15626\" class=\"wp-image-15626 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/4369650053_657b035122_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/4369650053_657b035122_o.jpg 700w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/4369650053_657b035122_o-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/4369650053_657b035122_o-356x254.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/4369650053_657b035122_o-50x36.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15626\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dr_joe_sim\/4369650053\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Average Joe<\/a>. Creative Commons.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Findings_Suggest_More_Workable_Approaches\"><\/span>Findings Suggest More Workable Approaches<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Internet has become a leading source of information for parents around the world. Our study helps us understand why efforts to significantly reduce spanking by disseminating information on-line about the dangers of physically punishing children may prove difficult without directly addressing common misperceptions about <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/harsh-parenting-impacts-a-childs-learning-and-behavior\/\">physical punishment<\/a>. First, the on-line world makes it very easy for users to avoid information that contradicts what they already believe. Second, it gives users competing lay and pseudo-scientific commentary that can confirm existing views in what are often referred to as echo chambers.<\/p>\n<p>The good news is that parents who approve of physical punishment don\u2019t distrust science <em>per se<\/em> &#8212; they are generally open to scientific findings, as the comparison involving child car seats showed. However, it is easy for parents to discount scientific findings when they can easily find others on-line who validate their support for practices such as physical punishment.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Paediatricians_Can_Be_Influential\"><\/span>Paediatricians Can Be Influential<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Given the challenges of on-line parent education, a more productive way to educate parents about the harms of physical punishment may be to do so through experts they already trust, such as their children\u2019s pediatricians. Pediatricians are widely trusted by parents. In the United States and Canada, they are encouraged to offer anticipatory guidance \u2013 a type of proactive counselling on childrearing topics such as children wearing bicycle helmets and ensuring that guns are stored safely &#8212; even if parents don\u2019t raise the issue. The risks of physical punishment should be a subject that is frequently discussed with parents, along with suggestions for disciplinary methods to use instead of physical punishment. Pediatricians say the best time to discuss this is when children are infants so parents can reflect on the options available long before their children misbehave. However, pediatricians are not always trained for the task and may need advice on how best to raise these issues and participate in these discussions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Beliefs_Underpin_Parental_Resistance_To_Science\"><\/span>Beliefs Underpin Parental Resistance To Science<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>At some level, most parents who physically punish their young children believe in the practice. Some use this kind of <a href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/corporal-punishment-children-parenting-skills\/\">punishment<\/a> because their parents used it on them and they believe it worked. Some see it is as a last resort, when parents feel they have no other option. They may feel they need spanking in their toolbox to drive their message home on occasion. Simply telling parents not to hit their children without providing a realistic and credible toolbox of alternatives is unlikely to win over converts. Experts may seem to be taking away parents\u2019 last resort without offering them something they know will work in what can be a stressful situation. Also, if experts offer parents alternatives that seem too difficult or time consuming, parents may display solution aversion: When a solution is regarded as unworkable or too scary, people recoil from it and stick with what they know.<\/p>\n<p>Tempting though it may be to simply rely on making scientific evidence about physical punishment widely available, to have a wider impact, we need more individualized approaches that address parents\u2019 beliefs. Resistant parents are not intrinsically anti-science. But on the issue of spanking, they need workable options other than physical punishment. When the going gets tough, they need something they can really believe in.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientific evidence is easily sidelined by parental beliefs and displaced by critical anecdotes on the Internet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":179,"featured_media":15625,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5765,438],"tags":[605,306,267,272],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15623"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/179"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15623"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21056,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15623\/revisions\/21056"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15625"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}