{"id":15476,"date":"2020-10-20T15:56:24","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T14:56:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/?p=15476"},"modified":"2024-05-11T22:33:19","modified_gmt":"2024-05-11T21:33:19","slug":"parental-conflict-effect-on-children","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/","title":{"rendered":"Chronic, low-level parental conflict contributes to children\u2019s mental health problems"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Parental conflict is common in many families, and childhood depression, anxiety, and aggression may be the outcome.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Low-level, poorly resolved conflict between parents \u2013 bickering, giving the cold shoulder, eye-rolling \u2013 can seem inconsequential. It isn\u2019t physical violence, after all. But it is a feature in many families. And such behavior may help explain enduring mental health problems for many children, including depression, anxiety, poor sleep, and aggressive behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Reducing this type of chronic interparental conflict and tension helps children feel the emotional security they need for robust mental health \u2013 not only when they are young but also as adults.<\/p>\n<p>Most people recognize that engaging in yelling matches, throwing things, and acting in ways that are physically aggressive are unhealthy conflict behaviors that can harm children\u2019s development. However, the wider issue is more subtle. It\u2019s about how parents tackle commonplace, sometimes tiny disagreements that all couples can expect to have &#8211; conflicts that are natural, inevitable occurrences in any intimate relationship.<\/p>\n<p>A disagreement might be about politics. It might be about who folds the laundry. Many parents don\u2019t see eye to eye on issues related to work-life balance \u2013 they may argue about who is spending enough time on child care. A couple from one of our studies was adamant that they had never had a conflict in 27 years of marriage. Eventually, they acknowledged that for nearly three decades, they had disagreed about whether the peanut butter should be kept in the pantry or the refrigerator.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cIt\u2019s about how parents tackle commonplace, sometimes tiny disagreements that are natural, inevitable occurrences in any intimate relationship.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #121c4e;color:#121c4e\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/#Smoldering_battles_lead_to_hypervigilance\" >Smoldering battles lead to hypervigilance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/#Constructive_conflict_can_benefit_children\" >Constructive conflict can benefit children\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/#Children_feel_emotionally_insecure\" >Children feel emotionally insecure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/#Children_may_blame_themselves_for_conflict\" >Children may blame themselves for conflict<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/#Damage_may_endure_into_adulthood\" >Damage may endure into adulthood<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/parental-conflict-effect-on-children\/#_Its_never_too_late_for_parents_to_change\" >\u00a0It&#8217;s never too late for parents to change<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Smoldering_battles_lead_to_hypervigilance\"><\/span>Smoldering battles lead to hypervigilance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>How parents tackle such apparently minor (and major) differences matters to children\u2019s mental health. Some couples focus their attention not on collaborating or solving the problem, but on insults, verbal anger, or non-verbal expressions of anger. Friction can be caused by one parent pursuing the dispute through continual nagging and the other parent withdrawing. Small conflicts may remain unresolved for lengthy periods, festering, creating tension, and harming children\u2019s mental health.<\/p>\n<p>Damage is done not by a single or even a few instances, but by chronic interactions of these kinds. They compound and accumulate, stacking up and eroding relationships. Early thinking suggested that if parents bickered a lot, children would get used to it and become desensitized. But studies since the 1980s have demonstrated the opposite: Amid chronic marital conflict, children may become increasingly sensitive to the episodes. They can become hypervigilant, tracking signs for a conflict breaking out. This can make them prone to spotting conflict where there is none or where the typical person might ignore what\u2019s going on. Such focus can be exhausting emotionally for a child.<\/p>\n<p>It is a mistake to believe that children are unaware when parental battles happen behind closed doors. Children are highly tuned to their families\u2019 emotional climate. They can tell if there is tension; they don\u2019t have to witness it. They also recognize when conflict has been resolved, even if they haven\u2019t witnessed the resolution.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Constructive_conflict_can_benefit_children\"><\/span>Constructive conflict can benefit children<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In contrast, children\u2019s mental health can benefit when parents behave constructively around their conflicts. When parents have differences, they can talk calmly together and focus on solving the problem. Perhaps they touch each other gently while talking, maybe even use kindly humor with one another. This might even have a boosting effect on children \u2013 they see that their parents can work out differences so they feel that their family is safe and secure. The children don\u2019t need to worry that their family system will be disrupted. They can expend their energies elsewhere.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15479\" style=\"width: 1210px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15479\" class=\"wp-image-15479 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"803\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k-356x238.jpg 356w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k-600x403.jpg 600w, https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/3456962103_fb06c08c79_k-400x269.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15479\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/g-ratphotos\/3456962103\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OUCHcharley<\/a>. Creative Commons. <\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>We should take seriously the risks posed by widespread, poor resolution of disputes among parents. Most children are exposed to parental disagreement on almost a daily basis: Poorly resolved parental conflict is an important factor in mental health outcomes. Family history of the home environment is a robust predictor of good and bad outcomes.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Children_feel_emotionally_insecure\"><\/span>Children feel emotionally insecure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The wide range of mental health outcomes associated with interparental conflict suggests that several mechanisms may be involved. One pathway relates to children\u2019s sense of emotional security: They need to feel that their family system is safe and secure.<\/p>\n<p>Destructive, unresolved interparental conflict can make children uneasy about the strength of the emotional bonds that are vital for their survival. As a result, children might act out to stop the conflict, or withdraw into themselves and into negative feelings to avoid such threats. In the short run, such strategies can help children manage life with their parents, but in the longer term, these types of learned behaviors &#8211; applied to other situations, such as at school or with friends \u2013 aren\u2019t good for them or those around them.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cChildren are highly tuned into their families\u2019 emotional climate. They can tell if there is tension; they don\u2019t have to witness it.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Children_may_blame_themselves_for_conflict\"><\/span>Children may blame themselves for conflict<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Another pathway involves the thoughts children may have during interparental conflicts. Some children blame themselves, thinking: \u201cI\u2019ve made Mom and Dad fight. I\u2019m responsible.\u201d These feelings of self-blame can fester and break down children\u2019s self-worth. Children who cannot stop their parents\u2019 fighting may feel they have failed, which can lead to depression.<\/p>\n<p>The implications of poorly managed parental conflict do not stop there. This type of conflict is correlated with parental depression and the quality of the parent-child relationship. Some parents imagine they can compartmentalize conflict with their partner. However, if you are angry with your spouse, you may unintentionally take it out on your children, snapping at them and parenting in a harsher manner. Or you may feel exhausted and withdraw, lacking the energy to engage with your children in a meaningful way. There may also be \u201ccompensatory\u201d spillover, where a parent turns to a child for comfort, placing undue pressure on the child to make up for the loss of an unfulfilling relationship with the partner.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Damage_may_endure_into_adulthood\"><\/span>Damage may endure into adulthood<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Research suggests that these mental health impacts of mishandled interparental conflict can often endure into adulthood: Even after children have become adults and left home, the quality of their parents\u2019 relationship can still affect their mental health and well-being. This might be partly because couples can get stuck for years in a negative way of interacting, exposing their children to chronic interparental conflict throughout development. Additionally, children may model their parents\u2019 pattern of interaction in their own relationships, which may further damage their mental health.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Its_never_too_late_for_parents_to_change\"><\/span>\u00a0It&#8217;s never too late for parents to change<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>There are ways to prevent these injurious impacts. Smaller studies have shown that interventions with parents can lead them to handle conflicts more constructively, encouraging them to solve problems together and speak kindly to each other. These interventions have led to short-term improvements in children\u2019s mental well-being. Interventions to support parents\u2019 mental health and develop positive parenting also make a difference. Important relationships with peers, other adults, or a sibling also buffer the impact on children of interparental conflict. Policymakers, researchers, and practitioners have important work to do to translate this decades-long research into large-scale interventions needed to bolster millions of families affected by this phenomenon.<\/p>\n<p>For parents who get stuck in poor ways of managing conflict, it\u2019s never too late to try healthier ways of tackling differences. But it\u2019s best to start early, before children are exposed. Otherwise, the occasional negative interactions may gradually become so much the norm that nobody realizes what\u2019s happened to a once-loving couple relationship \u2013 or to the children.<\/p>\n<div class=\"retrofit-references\">\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 1.8em;\"><em> van Eldik WM, de Haan AD, Parry LQ, Davies PT, Luijk MPCM, Arend LR &amp; Prinzie P (2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2020-33506-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The interparental relationship: Meta-analytic associations with children\u2019s maladjustment and responses to interparental conflict<\/a>, Psychological Bulletin, 146<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 1.8em;\"><em> Kouros CD, Papp LM, Goeke-Morey MC &amp; Cummings EM (2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2014-16737-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spillover between marital quality and parent-child relationship quality: Parental depressive symptoms as moderators<\/a>, Journal of Family Psychology, 28<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parental conflict is common in many families, and childhood depression, anxiety, and aggression may be the outcome.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":171,"featured_media":15480,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[438],"tags":[463,479,272],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15476"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/171"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15476"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21058,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15476\/revisions\/21058"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15480"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childandfamilyblog.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}